RepetoWhich Czechoslovak leader became associated with the reforms of the Prague Spring?
Alexander Dubček.
World history: 1900–2000
450 questions in English on wars, independence, social change, international cooperation, science and technology around the world, 1900–2000.
- 450 cards
- By Repeto
- Free
What the cards look like
Which Egyptian president nationalized the Suez Canal Company in July 1956?
Gamal Abdel Nasser.
What government replaced tsarist rule in Russia after the February Revolution of 1917?
The Provisional Government.
In which year did Algeria become independent of France?
1962.
Which two independent states emerged from the partition of British India in 1947?
India and Pakistan.
What were the Einsatzgruppen that carried out mass shootings during the Holocaust?
Mobile SS and police units.
All 450 cards
Every card in the deck, in study order.
Question Answer
Which Czechoslovak leader became associated with the reforms of the Prague Spring? Alexander Dubček.
Which Egyptian president nationalized the Suez Canal Company in July 1956? Gamal Abdel Nasser.
What government replaced tsarist rule in Russia after the February Revolution of 1917? The Provisional Government.
In which year did Algeria become independent of France? 1962.
Which two independent states emerged from the partition of British India in 1947? India and Pakistan.
What were the Einsatzgruppen that carried out mass shootings during the Holocaust? Mobile SS and police units.
In which year did the UN adopt both the civil and political rights covenant and the economic, social and cultural rights covenant? 1966.
Who became president of the Philippines following the 1986 People Power Revolution? Corazon Aquino.
Which country invaded Manchuria in 1931? Japan.
To which armed movement were proceeds from covert US arms sales to Iran diverted in the Iran–Contra affair? Nicaragua's Contras.
On what date did Allied forces begin the Normandy landings commonly called D-Day? 6 June 1944.
In which two territories did American and British forces land in November 1942 to attack Axis forces in North Africa? Morocco and Algeria.
In the Russian Civil War, which side was known as the Reds? The Bolshevik-led forces.
Which power deployed the nuclear missiles in Cuba that triggered the 1962 crisis? The Soviet Union.
Which June 1942 naval battle halted a major Japanese advance in the central Pacific? The Battle of Midway.
In which year did the United States and Soviet Union sign the INF Treaty? 1987.
In which year did Senegal become independent? 1960.
Which two countries united in 1964 to form the state later named Tanzania? Tanganyika and Zanzibar.
Which apartheid controls were the Sharpeville demonstrators protesting? The pass laws restricting Black South Africans' movement.
In which year was the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries founded? 1960.
In which year was Mahatma Gandhi assassinated? 1948.
The Battle of Britain in 1940 was fought primarily in which domain of warfare? In the air.
In what year did Stalin's First Five-Year Plan begin? 1928.
During which years did the Khmer Rouge rule Democratic Kampuchea from Phnom Penh? 1975–1979.
How did the Western Allies supply West Berlin during the 1948–1949 blockade? By airlifting food, fuel and other supplies.
What were the death marches imposed on Nazi camp prisoners near the end of the war? Forced evacuations on foot under SS guard, in lethal conditions.
In which city did troops under General Dyer fire on a crowd at Jallianwala Bagh in April 1919? Amritsar.
Which American president ordered the naval quarantine of Cuba in 1962? John F. Kennedy.
Which country did Germany try to recruit through the Zimmermann Telegram of 1917? Mexico.
In which year did Portuguese administration of Macao end and the territory become a Chinese Special Administrative Region? 1999.
Was the 1953 Korean Armistice Agreement a permanent peace treaty? No. It suspended hostilities pending a peaceful settlement.
Which city hosted the 1992 United Nations Earth Summit? Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
What name did the Gold Coast take at independence in 1957? Ghana.
Which Iranian prime minister was overthrown in the 1953 coup supported by the United States and Britain? Mohammad Mosaddeq (also spelled Mossadegh).
What did nonalignment mean for the movement founded in 1961 in relation to Cold War blocs? Seeking an independent foreign policy rather than formally aligning with either superpower bloc.
Which Brazilian president was overthrown in the 1964 military coup? João Goulart.
What caste-based practice did India's constitution explicitly abolish? Untouchability.
What type of zones did China first establish in 1980 to experiment with more open economic policies? Special economic zones.
In which year did Bosnian Serb forces commit the Srebrenica genocide against Bosnian Muslims? 1995.
In which year was the Organization of African Unity established? 1963.
What did Brown v. Board of Education hold about state-imposed racial segregation in public schools? It was unconstitutional.
Which country sent troops to suppress Hungary's 1956 revolution? The Soviet Union.
Which two western European powers declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939? Britain and France.
In which year did East German authorities begin building the Berlin Wall? 1961.
In which year was the Kyoto Protocol on greenhouse-gas emissions adopted? 1997.
In which year did Arab oil producers impose an embargo that contributed to a major global oil-price shock? 1973.
In which year did Canada extend the federal vote to status First Nations people without requiring them to give up their status? 1960.
Which Chinese city contained the foreign legations besieged during the Boxer uprising in 1900? Beijing.
What international organization grew from Wilson's proposal for a general association of nations? The League of Nations.
Which 1942 executive order enabled the military exclusion that led to mass incarceration of Japanese Americans? Executive Order 9066.
In which year did a UN-organized vote in East Timor reject special autonomy within Indonesia? 1999.
Which American secretary of state proposed the European recovery program that became the Marshall Plan? George C. Marshall.
Who became prime minister of Italy after the Fascist mobilization known as the March on Rome in 1922? Benito Mussolini.
Which population was targeted for destruction in Rwanda's 1994 genocide? The Tutsi population.
What political process did East Timor's rejection of autonomy in the 1999 vote initiate? A transition toward independence.
Which country's army led the capture of Berlin in the final European campaign of 1945? The Soviet Union's forces.
In what year was the Panama Canal completed and opened to shipping? 1914.
In the NPT, what does nuclear non-proliferation seek to prevent? The spread of nuclear weapons to additional states.
Which movement captured Phnom Penh in April 1975? The Khmer Rouge.
Which Algerian nationalist organization negotiated the 1962 Évian Accords with France? The National Liberation Front (FLN).
Show the other 390 cards
What name did the secessionist state in southeastern Nigeria use during the Nigerian Civil War? Biafra.
What did the February 1933 Reichstag Fire Decree do to civil liberties in Germany? It suspended major civil rights and enabled detention without trial.
What power did the March 1933 Enabling Act give Hitler's government? The power to enact laws without parliamentary consent.
In which year did Mao Zedong die, at the end of the Cultural Revolution era? 1976.
Germany's invasion of which neutral country immediately preceded Britain's entry into the First World War in August 1914? Belgium.
Near which parallel did the 1954 Geneva settlement establish a temporary military division of Vietnam? The 17th parallel.
In which year were the Treaties of Rome signed? 1957.
In which year did police kill protesters at Sharpeville in South Africa? 1960.
On what date did India's constitution take full effect and India become a republic? 26 January 1950.
In which year was the euro introduced as an accounting and electronic currency, before its notes and coins circulated? 1999.
The First World War's Mesopotamian campaign took place largely in the territory of which present-day country? Iraq.
Which Soviet leader directed the Great Terror of the 1930s? Joseph Stalin.
On what date did Germany invade Poland, beginning the Second World War in Europe? 1 September 1939.
In what year did the Wall Street stock-market crash associated with the onset of the Great Depression occur? 1929.
From which colonial power did Guinea become independent in 1958? France.
Who became the first prime minister of the newly independent former Belgian Congo in 1960? Patrice Lumumba.
In which year was Mexico's major revolutionary constitution adopted? 1917.
Which Black Consciousness leader died from injuries sustained in South African police custody in 1977? Steve Biko.
In which year did the Genocide Convention enter into force? 1951.
Which 1947 UN General Assembly resolution recommended partitioning Palestine into Arab and Jewish states with an economic union? Resolution 181 (II).
What class of delivery systems did the 1987 INF Treaty require the parties to eliminate? Ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges of 500–5,500 kilometres.
In what year did Franklin Roosevelt order a nationwide bank holiday during the banking crisis? 1933.
Which network carried its first host-to-host message from UCLA to the Stanford Research Institute in 1969? ARPANET.
Under Japan's postwar constitution, what is the emperor's constitutional role? A symbol of the state and national unity, without governing powers.
Who chaired South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission? Desmond Tutu.
In what year did the League of Nations begin operating? 1920.
Who became independent India's first prime minister in 1947? Jawaharlal Nehru.
On what date did Indonesian nationalists proclaim independence? 17 August 1945.
Which city's name is commonly attached to ASEAN's founding declaration? Bangkok.
In which year did Angola become independent of Portugal? 1975.
In which year did the Cuban Revolution overthrow Fulgencio Batista's regime? 1959.
Which country did Iraq invade on 2 August 1990? Kuwait.
In which country was the Bretton Woods conference held? The United States.
What name is commonly given to the Nazi-organized anti-Jewish violence of 9–10 November 1938? Kristallnacht, or the November Pogrom.
What group of chemicals did the 1987 Montreal Protocol seek to control to protect the stratospheric ozone layer? Ozone-depleting substances, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
Which Soviet satellite became the first artificial satellite to orbit Earth in 1957? Sputnik 1.
Which 1975 agreement became a reference point for human-rights monitoring groups in the Soviet bloc? The Helsinki Final Act.
Which UN body adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948? The General Assembly.
In which year did Nigeria gain independence? 1960.
Which Russian politician headed the Provisional Government immediately before the Bolshevik seizure of power? Alexander Kerensky.
On what date was Japan's formal instrument of surrender signed? 2 September 1945.
In which year did the UN General Assembly adopt the Statute of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees? 1950.
Who observed the antibacterial effect of the mold that led to penicillin's discovery in 1928? Alexander Fleming.
In which year did the Mexican Revolution begin with revolt against Porfirio Díaz? 1910.
In which year did the Free Officers seize power in Egypt, leading to the end of the monarchy? 1952.
Which general headed Chile's military junta after the 1973 coup and became the country's dictator? Augusto Pinochet.
On what date was the first German military surrender instrument signed at Reims? 7 May 1945.
What Soviet-led military alliance was established in 1955? The Warsaw Pact.
What principle concerning national borders did the OAU endorse in its 1964 Cairo resolution? Respect for the borders that existed when each state achieved independence.
On what date was the establishment of the State of Israel proclaimed? 14 May 1948.
What name was used for the US-backed armed groups fighting Nicaragua's Sandinista government in the 1980s? The Contras.
Which revolutionary leader became Cuba's prime minister in 1959? Fidel Castro.
From which direction did Soviet forces invade Poland on 17 September 1939? From the east.
In which year did Egypt and Israel agree to the Camp David framework accords? 1978.
In which year did the Stonewall uprising in New York become a major landmark in LGBTQ rights activism? 1969.
Which European country was Indonesia's main colonial ruler before the Japanese occupation in the Second World War? The Netherlands.
In which year did the failed Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba take place? 1961.
In which year did South Africa hold its first national election based on universal adult suffrage? 1994.
In which year did NAFTA enter into force? 1994.
In which year did the US Supreme Court decide Brown v. Board of Education? 1954.
During which years did India's Emergency under Indira Gandhi restrict civil liberties and impose press censorship? 1975–1977.
In which year did an international coalition expel Iraqi forces from Kuwait during the Gulf War? 1991.
Which Chinese economic campaign began in 1958 under Mao Zedong? The Great Leap Forward.
In which year did the World Health Organization's constitution enter into force? 1948.
What form of Palestinian governance did the 1993 Oslo Declaration of Principles provide a framework for? Interim Palestinian self-government.
Did the United States ratify the Treaty of Versailles? No. The Senate did not give the required consent; the United States later made a separate peace with Germany.
In which year did Eritreans vote for independence in an internationally observed referendum? 1993.
Who defeated Daniel Ortega in Nicaragua's 1990 presidential election? Violeta Chamorro.
In what year did the Qing government abolish China's imperial civil-service examination system? 1905.
Which Mexican politician called for revolt against Porfirio Díaz in 1910? Francisco Madero.
What is the common name of the June 1967 war in which Israel captured the West Bank, Gaza, Sinai, and parts of the Golan Heights? The Six-Day War.
In which year was the Maastricht Treaty signed? 1992.
In which year did Chinese troops violently suppress the protest movement centered on Tiananmen Square? 1989.
What was the Mau in twentieth-century Samoa? A movement for Samoan independence from New Zealand rule.
Did Russia's Provisional Government immediately withdraw from the First World War in 1917? No. It continued the war.
In which year did the UN General Assembly adopt CEDAW? 1979.
Which experimental technique produced Rosalind Franklin's structural evidence that helped establish DNA's double helix? X-ray diffraction.
On what date did the UN Charter enter into force, bringing the United Nations into existence? 24 October 1945.
Which U.S. secretary of state issued the Open Door notes concerning China in 1899–1900? John Hay.
IR8, released in 1966 and associated with the Green Revolution in Asia, was a variety of which crop? Rice.
In which year did both major 1966 international human rights covenants enter into force? 1976.
What does SALT stand for in Cold War arms negotiations? Strategic Arms Limitation Talks.
Which mission carried the first humans to land on the Moon in 1969? Apollo 11.
Under the UN Charter, how many votes does each member have in the General Assembly? One vote.
In which year did Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore join to form Malaysia? 1963.
In which year did Taiwan hold its first direct presidential election? 1996.
Which 1995 agreement provided the framework for ending the Bosnian War? The Dayton Peace Agreement.
In which year was the Chinese Communist Party founded? 1921.
What did glasnost seek to increase in Soviet public life? Openness in public discussion and the media.
Which power led the August 1968 invasion that suppressed the Prague Spring? The Soviet Union.
Which two systems of domination did the OAU explicitly seek to end in Africa? Colonialism and apartheid.
In which island group was the Guadalcanal campaign fought in 1942–1943? The Solomon Islands.
In which year did Tim Berners-Lee submit his initial World Wide Web proposal at CERN? 1989.
What was the central mission of Argentina's Grandmothers of Plaza de Mayo? Finding children taken from their families under the dictatorship and restoring their identities.
Which two countries were the immediate focus of Truman's March 1947 request for American aid? Greece and Turkey.
From which country did Panama declare independence in 1903? Colombia.
What past abuses was South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission created to investigate? Gross human rights violations associated with the apartheid-era conflict.
Which Ghanaian leader headed the Convention People's Party during the independence struggle? Kwame Nkrumah.
In which years was the Russo-Japanese War fought? 1904–1905.
Which 1965 US law strengthened federal action against racial barriers to voting? The Voting Rights Act of 1965.
What name is given to Czechoslovakia's largely nonviolent transition away from communist rule in 1989? The Velvet Revolution.
Which three countries attacked Egypt during the 1956 Suez Crisis? Israel, the United Kingdom, and France.
During which war was the town of Guernica bombed in 1937? The Spanish Civil War.
Who was president of Tanganyika when its union with Zanzibar was agreed in 1964? Julius Nyerere.
What form of government did the Good Friday Agreement establish for Northern Ireland's main communities? Power sharing through a devolved Assembly and Executive.
In which year did Spanish voters approve the constitution establishing the framework of a parliamentary monarchy? 1978.
Which Russian tsar abdicated during the February Revolution of 1917? Nicholas II.
In which country did the 1997 Asian financial crisis begin with a currency crisis? Thailand.
Which deprivation, intensified by the war and blockade, caused a major humanitarian emergency in Biafra? Mass starvation.
Who proclaimed the establishment of the State of Israel in May 1948? David Ben-Gurion.
In which city was the Dayton Peace Agreement formally signed in December 1995? Paris.
In which year did German officials meet at Wannsee to coordinate the murder of European Jews? 1942.
Who became the first woman in space in 1963? Valentina Tereshkova.
Which Soviet policy introduced in 1921 permitted limited private trade while retaining state control of major industries? The New Economic Policy, or NEP.
Which two industries did the 1951 Treaty of Paris place under a common European authority? Coal and steel.
In which year did the Soviet Union launch its large military intervention in Afghanistan? 1979.
What change in presidential selection did South Korea's 1987 democratic movement help secure? Direct popular election of the president.
In which year was the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees adopted? 1951.
On what date was the United Nations Charter signed at San Francisco? 26 June 1945.
In which year did Britain pass the Equal Franchise Act giving women the vote on the same terms as men? 1928.
Which workers' and soldiers' council became an alternative center of authority alongside Russia's Provisional Government in 1917? The Petrograd Soviet.
In which year did James Watson and Francis Crick publish their double-helix model of DNA? 1953.
Which empire's authorities carried out the deportations and mass killing of Armenians beginning in 1915? The Ottoman Empire.
Which two independent states emerged when Czechoslovakia split on 1 January 1993? The Czech Republic and Slovakia.
What kind of Indigenous land right did the Mabo decision recognize in Australian common law? Native title.
In which country did the 1986 People Power Revolution end Ferdinand Marcos's rule? The Philippines.
On what date did the United States declare war on Germany in the First World War? 6 April 1917.
In which year did the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident occur in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic? 1986.
Who led the Bolshevik Party during the October Revolution of 1917? Vladimir Lenin.
In which year did Albert Einstein publish his paper introducing special relativity? 1905.
In which year was the North Atlantic Treaty Organization established? 1949.
In which year did Zimbabwe achieve internationally recognized independence? 1980.
Who became independent Kenya's first prime minister? Jomo Kenyatta.
In which year did Panama assume full operation and administration of the Panama Canal from the United States? 1999.
Which empire based in Constantinople fought alongside Germany and Austria-Hungary in the First World War? The Ottoman Empire.
Between which years was the Iran–Iraq War fought, ending in a UN-brokered ceasefire? 1980–1988.
Who was Senegal's first president? Léopold Sédar Senghor.
In which year was Portugal's authoritarian government overthrown, opening the way to negotiated African decolonization? 1974.
On what date did the Reims instrument require German military operations to cease, using Central European Time? 8 May 1945, at 23:01.
What broad label was used for the diverse anti-Bolshevik forces in the Russian Civil War? The Whites.
What movement of people was the Berlin Wall primarily intended to stop? Emigration from East Germany through West Berlin.
Which party came to power in South Africa in 1948 on an apartheid platform? The National Party.
On what date did the Treaty of Versailles enter into force between its contracting parties? 10 January 1920.
Which Mexican president ordered the expropriation of foreign oil companies' assets in 1938? Lázaro Cárdenas.
In which year was the Egypt–Israel peace treaty signed? 1979.
What claims was the Waitangi Tribunal created to investigate? Māori claims that the Crown had breached the Treaty of Waitangi.
In which year did Ghana gain independence from Britain? 1957.
In which year did the UN General Assembly adopt the Convention on the Rights of the Child? 1989.
Did the United States ever become a member of the League of Nations? No.
Whose arrest after refusing to surrender her bus seat helped trigger the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott? Rosa Parks.
Under UN Charter Article 18, what majority is required for important General Assembly decisions? Two thirds of members present and voting.
In what year did Joseph Stalin die? 1953.
In which year did North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces launch the Tet Offensive? 1968.
In which year did the Bretton Woods conference design major postwar financial institutions? 1944.
In which year did a toxic gas release at a pesticide plant cause the Bhopal disaster in India? 1984.
In which month and year did the Cuban Missile Crisis occur? October 1962.
In which year was martial law lifted in Taiwan? 1987.
In which year did the Iranian Revolution overthrow the shah's monarchy? 1979.
In which year did the CDC publish the report of illnesses in Los Angeles that marked the first official recognition of AIDS? 1981.
Who became independent Papua New Guinea's first prime minister? Michael Somare.
Which country led the Allied occupation of Japan after the Second World War? The United States.
Which 1911 uprising helped set off the revolution that overthrew the Qing dynasty? The Wuchang uprising.
Which 1990 US law prohibited disability discrimination in major areas including employment and public accommodations? The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA).
In which year did the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty enter into force? 1970.
From which federation did Singapore separate in 1965? Malaysia.
On what date did the United States declare war on Japan following Pearl Harbor? 8 December 1941.
In which year did Ceylon, now Sri Lanka, gain independence from Britain? 1948.
In which year was Nelson Mandela released from prison? 1990.
Which population held political power in the Rhodesian government that unilaterally declared independence in 1965? The white minority.
In which year did Guatemala's government and guerrilla coalition sign the Agreement on a Firm and Lasting Peace? 1996.
What does the treaty known as CEDAW aim to eliminate? Discrimination against women.
In which city was the first Non-Aligned Movement summit held in 1961? Belgrade, then in Yugoslavia.
On what date did the UN General Assembly adopt the Universal Declaration of Human Rights? 10 December 1948.
In which year did the San Francisco Peace Treaty enter into force, ending the main Allied occupation of Japan? 1952.
In which year was the San Francisco Peace Treaty with Japan signed? 1951.
Which colonial power's forces were defeated by the Viet Minh at Dien Bien Phu in 1954? France's forces.
Which treaty ended the Russo-Japanese War in 1905? The Treaty of Portsmouth.
What did Article 9 of Japan's postwar constitution renounce as a means of settling international disputes? War and the threat or use of force.
Which Mediterranean island did Allied forces invade in July 1943? Sicily.
In which British colony did the Mau Mau uprising take place in the 1950s? Kenya.
What was the central economic purpose of the Marshall Plan? To support European recovery after the Second World War.
Which genocide involved Nazi Germany and its collaborators murdering approximately six million European Jews? The Holocaust.
Which Nicaraguan movement overthrew Anastasio Somoza's regime in 1979? The Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN).
In which year was the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change established? 1988.
In which year were the Chapultepec Peace Accords ending El Salvador's civil war signed? 1992.
Who became Argentina's elected president in 1983 after military rule? Raúl Alfonsín.
In what year was the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics formed? 1922.
Which three countries were parties to the original North American Free Trade Agreement? Canada, Mexico, and the United States.
Which anti-apartheid political organization did Nelson Mandela lead? The African National Congress (ANC).
In which year did Japan annex Korea? 1910.
Who became the world's first woman prime minister when she took office in Ceylon in 1960? Sirimavo Bandaranaike.
Which U.S. president helped mediate the 1905 Portsmouth peace negotiations? Theodore Roosevelt.
On what date did East Germany open the Berlin Wall's crossing points amid mass public pressure? 9 November 1989.
What collective labor rights did Article 123 of Mexico's 1917 Constitution recognize? Workers' rights to organize and strike.
Which Chinese dynasty fell during the revolution of 1911–1912? The Qing dynasty.
On what date did Mao Zedong proclaim the People's Republic of China? 1 October 1949.
On what date did India's Constituent Assembly adopt the constitution? 26 November 1949.
Which city hosted the first UN World Conference on Women in 1975? Mexico City.
What name is given to the Chinese Communist forces' strategic retreat of 1934–1935? The Long March.
Which court was established as the United Nations' principal judicial organ? The International Court of Justice.
Which country began nuclear weapons testing at Bikini Atoll in 1946? The United States.
In which year was the Association of Southeast Asian Nations established? 1967.
Which Polish resistance organization launched the Warsaw Uprising against German occupation in August 1944? The Home Army.
Which 1988 US law acknowledged and apologized for the wartime incarceration of Japanese Americans and authorized redress payments? The Civil Liberties Act of 1988.
What economic sector received particular emphasis in Stalin's First Five-Year Plan? Heavy industry.
What was the central demand of the Quit India movement launched in 1942? An immediate end to British rule in India.
What major economic crisis did the New Deal address? The Great Depression.
In which year did the Maastricht Treaty enter into force, establishing the European Union? 1993.
Which four Allied powers established the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg? The United States, Britain, the Soviet Union and France.
In which year did Francisco Franco die, opening Spain's transition from dictatorship? 1975.
Which region of Czechoslovakia was ceded to Germany under the 1938 Munich Agreement? The Sudetenland.
During which years did Brazil's military dictatorship rule? 1964–1985.
Which country announced in August 1982 that it could no longer service its foreign debt, signaling a wider Latin American crisis? Mexico.
In which year was New Zealand's Waitangi Tribunal created? 1975.
In which year was the General Peace Agreement ending Mozambique's civil war signed? 1992.
Which two institutions' founding agreements emerged from Bretton Woods? The International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
What did the Nixon administration mean by Vietnamization? Shifting more combat responsibility to South Vietnamese forces while withdrawing American troops.
In which year was the treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community signed? 1951.
On what date, in Hawaii's local time, did Japan attack Pearl Harbor? 7 December 1941.
In which German city did the principal International Military Tribunal trial of Nazi leaders begin in November 1945? Nuremberg.
Which side narrowly won Quebec's 1995 sovereignty referendum? The No side, opposing the sovereignty proposal.
At which Soviet city did the remaining major units of the German Sixth Army surrender in February 1943? Stalingrad.
Who delivered the speech known as I Have a Dream at the 1963 March on Washington? Martin Luther King Jr.
Was First World War land combat confined to Europe? No. It also occurred in Africa, the Middle East, and other regions.
Which country resisted a Soviet invasion during the Winter War of 1939–1940? Finland.
In which year was the Nineteenth Amendment to the US Constitution, prohibiting denial of the vote on grounds of sex, ratified? 1920.
Which two states launched coordinated attacks on Israeli positions at the start of the October 1973 Arab–Israeli war? Egypt and Syria.
What was the original name of the state formed in December 1918 and renamed Yugoslavia in 1929? The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes.
On which major front was the Battle of Tannenberg fought in 1914? The Eastern Front.
In which year did legislation make te reo Māori an official language of New Zealand? 1987.
What did agricultural collectivization under Stalin seek to replace individual peasant farms with? Large collective farms under state direction.
What event does the term Anschluss refer to in 1938? Nazi Germany's annexation of Austria.
In which year did China's Cultural Revolution begin? 1966.
What was the Gulag in the Soviet Union? The administration and network of forced-labor camps.
Which international organization concerned with labor standards was created as part of the 1919 peace settlement? The International Labour Organization (ILO).
Who developed the inactivated polio vaccine licensed in the United States in 1955? Jonas Salk.
From which country did the United States secretly agree to remove Jupiter missiles as part of resolving the Cuban Missile Crisis? Turkey.
What does IBRD stand for in the original World Bank institution's name? International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
What sentence did Nelson Mandela receive at the end of the Rivonia Trial in 1964? Life imprisonment.
Who became provisional president of the newly declared Republic of China at the beginning of 1912? Sun Yat-sen.
In which year was British India partitioned at independence? 1947.
Who became the first president of the Republic of Turkey in 1923? Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
On what date was the Treaty of Versailles signed? 28 June 1919.
What did the Wannsee Conference coordinate in January 1942? Implementation of the already adopted policy to murder European Jews.
Which 1917 British declaration supported a Jewish national home in Palestine while including protections for existing non-Jewish communities' civil and religious rights? The Balfour Declaration.
On what date did German reunification take effect? 3 October 1990.
Aboard which ship was Japan's formal surrender signed in Tokyo Bay in 1945? USS Missouri.
To which island did Chiang Kai-shek's Republic of China government retreat in 1949? Taiwan.
On what date was an atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima? 6 August 1945.
What did the secret protocol of the August 1939 German–Soviet pact allocate in eastern Europe? German and Soviet spheres of influence.
What zone did the 1953 Korean Armistice Agreement establish between the opposing forces? The Demilitarized Zone, or DMZ.
On what date was Adolf Hitler appointed chancellor of Germany? 30 January 1933.
In which country did the Boxer uprising lead to an international military intervention in 1900? China.
Which Hungarian prime minister declared neutrality during the 1956 revolution? Imre Nagy.
Which imposed language of instruction was a central target of the 1976 Soweto student protests? Afrikaans.
To which country did Germany return Alsace-Lorraine under the Treaty of Versailles? France.
Which agreement provided the main multilateral framework for trade in goods before the WTO began operating? The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).
What is the common English name for Germany's major Ardennes offensive of December 1944? The Battle of the Bulge.
In which country did the collaborationist Vichy government operate during the Second World War? France.
In which year did the World Health Organization declare smallpox eradicated worldwide? 1980.
Which part of Pakistan became Bangladesh in 1971? East Pakistan.
What did Khmer Rouge forces compel Phnom Penh's residents to do immediately after the 1975 takeover? Leave the city in a forced mass evacuation.
In which year did the Netherlands formally transfer sovereignty to the United States of Indonesia, excluding West New Guinea? 1949.
For what immediate purpose did German authorities confine Jews in ghettos in occupied eastern Europe? To segregate and control Jewish populations.
What method did Gandhi advocate for resisting British rule in his 1930 Dandi March speech? Nonviolent civil resistance.
Which UN organ established the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in 1994? The Security Council.
In which year did the Philippines gain independence from the United States? 1946.
In which year did the United States and Soviet Union sign the SALT I interim agreement and ABM Treaty? 1972.
In which city was the Organization of African Unity founded? Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
In which year did Australians vote to remove constitutional exclusions concerning Aboriginal people in federal lawmaking and population counts? 1967.
Who chaired the committee that drafted India's constitution? B. R. Ambedkar.
In which year did Kenya gain independence from Britain? 1963.
In which year did the Belgian Congo become independent? 1960.
Which lawyer coined the term genocide in 1944? Raphael Lemkin.
In which year did Bangladesh emerge as an independent state after its liberation war? 1971.
Which Japanese city was struck by an atomic bomb on 9 August 1945? Nagasaki.
Which ayatollah emerged as the dominant religious leader of Iran's 1979 revolution? Ruhollah Khomeini.
Which U.S. president launched the New Deal? Franklin D. Roosevelt.
On what date was the Korean Armistice Agreement signed? 27 July 1953.
In which city was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted? Paris.
What commercial principle did the United States promote in China through the Open Door notes of 1899–1900? Equal trading opportunities for foreign powers in China.
During which world war did the Armenian genocide begin? The First World War.
In which year did Jamaica become independent of Britain? 1962.
Which part of Sakhalin did Russia cede to Japan under the 1905 Treaty of Portsmouth? The southern half.
In which year did Korea's March First independence movement challenge Japanese colonial rule? 1919.
Who became South Africa's president after its 1994 democratic election? Nelson Mandela.
Which European state invaded Ethiopia in 1935? Italy.
Which Egyptian president negotiated the Camp David Accords with Menachem Begin and Jimmy Carter? Anwar Sadat.
Did Australia's 1967 referendum itself first give Aboriginal people the federal vote? No. They already had the federal right to vote.
In which year did the treaty establishing the European Economic Community enter into force? 1958.
Which government gained China's representation at the United Nations under Resolution 2758 in 1971? The government of the People's Republic of China.
What agricultural approach is associated with the Green Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s? High-yield crop varieties combined with inputs such as irrigation, fertilizer, and improved crop management.
Which artist painted Guernica in response to the bombing of the Basque town in 1937? Pablo Picasso.
In which year did Gandhi lead the Salt March to Dandi? 1930.
What defensive system became characteristic of the First World War's Western Front? Extensive opposing networks of trenches.
Who invented the World Wide Web while working at CERN? Tim Berners-Lee.
On what date did the armistice with Germany halt fighting on the Western Front? 11 November 1918.
In which year did Papua New Guinea become independent of Australia? 1975.
On what date did Germany launch its invasion of the Soviet Union? 22 June 1941.
Which postwar humanitarian problem was UNHCR initially created to address? Protecting refugees still displaced after the Second World War and helping them find lasting solutions, initially mainly in Europe.
In which year did Richard Nixon suspend the dollar's convertibility into gold for foreign official holders? 1971.
Which treaty established the European Union when it entered into force? The Maastricht Treaty, formally the Treaty on European Union.
Which power blocked surface access to the western sectors of Berlin in June 1948? The Soviet Union.
What military restriction did the Treaty of Versailles impose on the Rhineland? It was demilitarized: German troops and fortifications were prohibited there.
In which year did the treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community enter into force? 1952.
In what year did the First World War's Battle of the Somme begin? 1916.
Who proclaimed the People's Republic of China in 1949? Mao Zedong.
Which state's forces invaded South Korea on 25 June 1950? North Korea's forces.
Which socialist politician won Chile's presidential election in 1970? Salvador Allende.
Which U.S. president presented the Fourteen Points in January 1918? Woodrow Wilson.
Which Russian capital was the center of the Bolshevik seizure of power in 1917? Petrograd, now St Petersburg.
Which worldwide pandemic struck in 1918–1919 as the First World War ended? The influenza pandemic, often called the Spanish flu.
Which Guatemalan president was overthrown in 1954 with CIA assistance? Jacobo Árbenz.
Which shipyard worker became the leading figure of Poland's Solidarity movement? Lech Wałęsa.
What colonial issue united many participants at the 1955 Bandung Conference? Support for decolonization and national self-determination.
Which two parties signed the 1993 Declaration of Principles known as the first Oslo Accord? The Government of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).
In what year did the United States establish diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union? 1933.
Which three states signed the Tripartite Pact in September 1940? Germany, Italy and Japan.
What was the Derg in Ethiopia after the 1974 revolution? The ruling military council, formally the Provisional Military Administrative Council.
Which country hosted the Asian-African Conference at Bandung in 1955? Indonesia.
On what date did Hong Kong become a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China after British administration ended? 1 July 1997.
On what date did a military coup overthrow Salvador Allende's government? 11 September 1973.
Which Muslim League leader led the campaign for Pakistan in the final years of British India? Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
In which year did the last Soviet troops withdraw from Afghanistan under the Geneva Accords timetable? 1989.
Which Swiss city housed the League of Nations? Geneva.
What term means prejudice or hostility directed against Jews? Antisemitism.
Which 1964 US law prohibited racial discrimination in public accommodations and strengthened employment discrimination protections? The Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Which Chinese leader is closely associated with the reform and opening policies launched in 1978? Deng Xiaoping.
What independent state emerged from the Anglo-French New Hebrides condominium in 1980? Vanuatu.
On what date did the UN General Assembly adopt the Genocide Convention? 9 December 1948.
Which 1995 global conference adopted the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action on gender equality? The Fourth World Conference on Women.
In which year did the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms generally come into force, with equality-rights provisions following later? 1982.
In which year was the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty opened for signature? 1968.
Which Austro-Hungarian heir was assassinated in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914? Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
In which year was the Belfast or Good Friday Agreement signed? 1998.
What name is commonly used for Germany's parliamentary republic under its 1919 constitution? The Weimar Republic.
In which year did the Commonwealth of Australia come into existence through federation? 1901.
Which category of UN Security Council members can veto a substantive resolution? The permanent members.
In which two years did the Soviet Great Terror reach its peak? 1937–1938.
On what date did Singapore become independent through separation from Malaysia? 9 August 1965.
In which year were the Paris Peace Accords on Vietnam signed? 1973.
What policy did the Montgomery bus boycott challenge? Racial segregation on city buses.
Which people were targeted for murder in the Nazi program misleadingly called euthanasia? People with disabilities, especially institutionalized patients.
Which two countries' armies were the principal opponents at Verdun in 1916? France and Germany.
What large-scale movement of people accompanied the 1947 partition of British India? Mass migration across the new borders, amid communal violence.
In which year was the Republic of Turkey proclaimed? 1923.
Which treaty did Soviet Russia sign with the Central Powers in March 1918 to leave the First World War? The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
In which year did the genocide against the Tutsi take place in Rwanda? 1994.
What was a central assimilative practice of Canada's residential school system for Indigenous children? Separating children from their families and suppressing their cultures and languages.
Whose government did the Bay of Pigs invasion seek to overthrow? Fidel Castro's government in Cuba.
Which German president appointed Hitler chancellor in 1933? Paul von Hindenburg.
Did the SALT II treaty signed in 1979 enter into force? No. It was never ratified, although both sides initially observed its limits.
In which city was the United Nations Charter drafted and signed in 1945? San Francisco.
Which British colonial restriction did Gandhi challenge through the Salt March? The colonial monopoly and tax on salt.
Why is Russia's October Revolution dated to November 1917 in the Gregorian calendar? Russia still used the Julian calendar, which was thirteen days behind the Gregorian calendar.
Which two researchers led the Oxford work that developed Fleming's penicillin discovery into a practical drug? Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain.
In which year did the Wright brothers achieve controlled, sustained powered flights in a heavier-than-air machine? 1903.
What did Argentina's Mothers of Plaza de Mayo demand information about when they began protesting in 1977? The fate of their disappeared children.
In which country was the Second Battle of El Alamein fought in 1942? Egypt.
Which 1985 treaty established a South Pacific nuclear-free zone when it entered into force? The Treaty of Rarotonga.
In which year did Burma, now Myanmar, gain independence from Britain? 1948.
During which years was the Nigerian Civil War fought? 1967–1970.
What did Gorbachev's policy term perestroika mean in its central economic sense? Restructuring the Soviet economy.
Which state declared war on Serbia on 28 July 1914? Austria-Hungary.
What independent trade union emerged from Poland's 1980 strike movement? Solidarity (Solidarność).
In which year did Tanganyika and Zanzibar unite? 1964.
In which year did the Soviet Union cease to exist? 1991.
Which 1935 Nazi laws stripped German Jews of citizenship rights and imposed racial discrimination? The Nuremberg Laws.
Which Soviet leader launched perestroika after taking power in 1985? Mikhail Gorbachev.
On what date did North Vietnamese forces capture Saigon, ending the Vietnam War? 30 April 1975.
In which year did Argentina's armed forces begin the dictatorship that lasted until 1983? 1976.
In which year did Western Samoa gain independence from New Zealand administration? 1962.
In which year did the World Trade Organization begin operating? 1995.
When Italy entered the First World War in 1915, which side did it join? The Entente or Allied side.
Which Somali ruler was overthrown in 1991, after which rival factions fought for power? Siad Barre.
Which liberation movement negotiated Mozambique's independence agreement with Portugal in 1974? FRELIMO, the Mozambique Liberation Front.
In which year did Namibia become independent of South African rule? 1990.
Which Italian king appointed Mussolini prime minister in 1922? Victor Emmanuel III.
What German naval policy resumed in 1917 attacked shipping in declared war zones without the usual warning and inspection procedures? Unrestricted submarine warfare.
Which state signed a nonaggression pact with Nazi Germany in August 1939? The Soviet Union.
Who became the first human in space in 1961? Yuri Gagarin.
Were John Hay's Open Door notes a binding multilateral treaty? No. They stated U.S. policy and sought cooperation without creating a binding treaty.
In which year did Australia's High Court deliver the landmark Mabo native-title decision? 1992.
In what year did the last Qing emperor abdicate? 1912.
What was the broad racial objective of Australia's White Australia immigration policy? Restricting non-white immigration.
In which year was the independent Kingdom of Libya proclaimed? 1951.
What did the signatories of the 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact renounce as an instrument of national policy? War.
What Arabic term, meaning catastrophe, names the mass displacement and dispossession of Palestinians associated with the 1948 war? The Nakba.
What name did Ceylon adopt when it became a republic in 1972? Sri Lanka.
In which year did Mozambique become independent of Portugal? 1975.
How you study it in Repeto
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- Answer from memory. See the front, recall the answer, then flip and rate how it went.
- Review at the right time. FSRS spaced repetition brings each card back just before you would forget it, so a few minutes a day is enough.
Sources and license
Original Repeto study-card text. Educational diagrams and museum images retain the source, creator and license attribution recorded on each card and in the documented source manifest.